!function(e,t){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?t(exports):"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["exports"],t):t((e="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:e||self).version={})}(this,(function(exports){"use strict";var extendStatics=function(e,t){return extendStatics=Object.setPrototypeOf||{__proto__:[]}instanceof Array&&function(e,t){e.__proto__=t}||function(e,t){for(var n in t)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)&&(e[n]=t[n])},extendStatics(e,t)};function __extends(e,t){if("function"!=typeof t&&null!==t)throw new TypeError("Class extends value "+String(t)+" is not a constructor or null");function n(){this.constructor=e}extendStatics(e,t),e.prototype=null===t?Object.create(t):(n.prototype=t.prototype,new n)}var __assign=function(){return __assign=Object.assign||function(e){for(var t,n=1,i=arguments.length;n0&&o[o.length-1])||6!==s[0]&&2!==s[0])){a=0;continue}if(3===s[0]&&(!o||s[1]>o[0]&&s[1]0?(t(i-=1),setTimeout(o,1e3)):n()};o()}))},decode=function(){return JSON.parse(atob(window.park||""))},PAGE_STYLES="@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Quicksand);\n\n* {\n font-smoothing: antialiased;\n -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;\n}\n\nhtml, body {\n width: 100%;\n margin: 0;\n}\n\nhtml {\n background: linear-gradient(180deg, #edf7fe 0%, white 95%, white 100%);\n height: 100%;\n}\n\nbody {\n min-height: 90%;\n font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n letter-spacing: 1.2px;\n color: rgb(10, 31, 64);\n text-align: center;\n}\n\n/* App Target - This starts hidden until we apply a class to \"activate\" it */\n\n#target {\n opacity: 0;\n visibility: hidden;\n}\n\n/* Status Messages - These are displayed when we are not rendering ad blocks or Related Search */\n\n#pk-status-message {\n height: 100vh;\n width: 100%;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n}\n\n/* Sales Box - Default State */\n\n#sales-box {\n display: block;\n width: 100%;\n font-family: 'Quicksand', serif;\n text-align: center;\n text-decoration: none;\n font-weight: 400;\n}\n\n#sales-box a {\n display: block;\n width: 100%;\n font-family: inherit;\n font-weight: inherit;\n text-decoration: inherit;\n color: #8EABC0;\n cursor: pointer;\n}\n\n/* Sales Box - Highlighted State */\n\n#sales-box.is-highlighted {\n position: relative;\n z-index: 1;\n background: #032438 linear-gradient(to top, #044368 0%, #000 100%);\n box-shadow: 0 0 15px 0 #000;\n border-bottom: 3px solid #262626;\n}\n\n#sales-box.is-highlighted a {\n line-height: 1.3;\n display: inline-block;\n font-size: 18px;\n color: #fff;\n text-shadow: 1px 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);\n background: none;\n}\n\n/* Ellipsis Loader */\n\n.pk-loader {\n display: inline-block;\n position: relative;\n width: 80px;\n height: 80px;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div {\n position: absolute;\n top: 33px;\n width: 13px;\n height: 13px;\n border-radius: 50%;\n background: #4BA8D5;\n animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 1, 1, 0);\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(1) {\n left: 8px;\n animation: pk-anim-1 0.6s infinite;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(2) {\n left: 8px;\n animation: pk-anim-2 0.6s infinite;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(3) {\n left: 32px;\n animation: pk-anim-2 0.6s infinite;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(4) {\n left: 56px;\n animation: pk-anim-1 0.6s infinite;\n animation-direction: reverse;\n}\n\n.pk-loader-text {\n position: fixed;\n font-size: 12px;\n right: 20px;\n bottom: 20px;\n font-weight: lighter;\n}\n\n/* Utilities */\n\n.pk-message-title {\n font-size: 2em;\n font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n.pk-page-ready {\n opacity: 1 !important;\n visibility: visible !important;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n .hidden-xs {\n opacity: 0;\n visibility: hidden;\n }\n}\n\n/* Animation */\n\n@keyframes pk-anim-1 {\n 0% {\n transform: scale(0);\n }\n 100% {\n transform: scale(1);\n }\n}\n\n@keyframes pk-anim-2 {\n 0% {\n transform: translate(0, 0);\n }\n 100% {\n transform: translate(24px, 0);\n }\n}\n",APP_TARGET="#target",MESSAGE_SELECTOR="#pk-status-message",PAGE_READY_CLASS="pk-page-ready",MESSAGE_TEMPLATE='',Renderer=function(){function Renderer(e){var t=this;this._domIsReady=!1,this.revealPage=function(){t.domNode&&t.domNode.classList.add(PAGE_READY_CLASS)},this.injectMetaDescription=function(e){if(e&&0!==e.length){window.document.title=e;var t=document.createElement("meta");t.setAttribute("name","description"),t.setAttribute("content","See relevant content for ".concat(e)),document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}},this.domNode=document.querySelector(e)}return Object.defineProperty(Renderer.prototype,"domIsReady",{get:function(){return this._domIsReady},set:function(e){this._domIsReady=e,e&&this.injectStyles(PAGE_STYLES)},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Renderer.prototype.message=function(e,t){if(void 0===t&&(t=""),this.injectHTML(MESSAGE_TEMPLATE),this.domNode){var n=this.domNode.querySelector(MESSAGE_SELECTOR);n&&(n.innerHTML=e)}t&&this.injectMetaDescription(t)},Renderer.prototype.salesBanner=function(e){if(e){var t=e.href,n=e.position,i=e.message,o=e.theme,r=document.createElement("div"),a=n||"",s="HIGHLIGHT"===o?"is-highlighted":"";r.innerHTML=t?'\n \n "):'\n ').concat(i,"
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\n "))},Renderer.prototype.adBlockMessage=function(){this.message("\n Ad block detected
\n Please disable your ad blocker and reload the page.\n ")},Renderer.prototype.errorParkingUnavailable=function(){this.message("\n An Error Occurred
\n Parking is currently unavailable. We'll be right back.
\n ")},Renderer.prototype.errorParkingServicesDisabled=function(){this.message("\n An Error Occurred
\n Services for this domain name have been disabled.
\n ")},Renderer.prototype.errorParkingNoSponsors=function(e){this.message('\n \n No sponsors\n
\n \n '.concat(window.location.hostname," currently does not have any sponsors for you.\n \n "),e)},Renderer.prototype.imprint=function(e){if(e){var t=document.querySelector("#imprint-text");t&&(t.innerHTML=e.replace(/(?:\r\n|\r|\n)/g,"
"))}},Renderer.prototype.injectStyles=function(e){if(e){var t=document.createElement("style");t.innerHTML=e.toString(),document.head.appendChild(t)}},Renderer.prototype.injectScript=function(e){if(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=e,document.body.appendChild(t)}},Renderer.prototype.injectJS=function(js){js&&0!==js.length&&eval(js)},Renderer.prototype.injectHTML=function(e){this.domNode?(e&&(this.domNode.innerHTML=e),this.domIsReady=!0):(this.domIsReady=!1,console.error("An error occurred when trying to render this page. DOM node not found."))},Renderer.prototype.prerender=function(e){this.injectMetaDescription(e.domain),this.injectHTML(e.html)},Renderer.prototype.template=function(e){var t,n=this;this.domIsReady||this.prerender(e),this.injectStyles(e.stylesheet),this.imprint(e.imprint),this.salesBanner(e.salesBanner),this.injectJS(e.javascript),null===(t=e.scripts)||void 0===t||t.forEach((function(e){n.injectScript(e)}))},Renderer}(),Render=new Renderer(APP_TARGET),Type;!function(e){e[e.Failed=0]="Failed",e[e.Disabled=1]="Disabled",e[e.Redirect=2]="Redirect",e[e.Parking=3]="Parking",e[e.Sales=4]="Sales"}(Type||(Type={}));var State$2=function(){function e(){}return Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"trackingType",{get:function(){return this._trackingType},set:function(e){this._trackingType=e},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,"track",{get:function(){return!!this.trackingType},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),e}(),Disabled=function(e){function t(){var t=null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this;return t.type=Type.Disabled,t}return __extends(t,e),t.build=function(e,n){var i;switch(n===Blocking.BLOCKED&&(i="adblocker"),e.cannotPark){case"disabled_mr":case"disabled_rc":i=e.cannotPark}if(i){var o=new t;return o.reason=i,o.domain=e.domainName,o}},Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"message",{get:function(){switch(this.reason){case"adblocker":return"Ad block detected
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\n ".concat(this.domain," currently does not have any sponsors for you.
");case"disabled_mr":return"\n Invalid URL
\n Referral traffic for ".concat(this.domain," does not meet requirements.
");case"js_error":return"\n An Error Occurred
\n Parking is currently unavailable. We'll be right back.
\n ";default:return"\n An Error Occurred
\n Services for this domain name have been disabled.
\n "}},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"trackingType",{get:function(){switch(this.reason){case"disabled_rc":return"revenue_cap_reached";case"disabled_mr":return"invalid_referral";case"adblock":return"ad_blocked_message";case"no_sponsors":return"no_sponsors_message"}},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"domain",{get:function(){return window.location.hostname},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.toContext=function(){return{cannotPark:this.reason}},t}(State$2);function unpackPHPArrayObject(e,t){var n=e[t];if(n&&!Array.isArray(n))return n}var Parking=function(e){function t(){var t=null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this;return t.type=Type.Parking,t}return __extends(t,e),t.build=function(e,n){var i=new t;i.domain=e.domainName,i.html=e.template,i.scripts=e.scripts||[],i.javascript=e.inlineJs,i.stylesheet=e.styles,i.imprint=e.imprintText;var o=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"salesSettings"),r=(null==o?void 0:o.status)&&"NOT_FOR_SALE"!==(null==o?void 0:o.status);if(r){o.status;var a=o.location,s=o.message,c=o.link,d=o.type;i.salesBanner={message:s,href:c,position:a,theme:d}}return n.wantsToServeAds?i.trackingType="ctr":r&&window.location.pathname.startsWith("/listing")?i.trackingType="sales":i.trackingType="visit",i},t.prototype.toContext=function(){return{}},t}(State$2),Sales=function(e){function t(){var t=null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this;return t.type=Type.Sales,t}return __extends(t,e),t.build=function(e){var n=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"salesSettings");if(n&&"NOT_FOR_SALE"!==n.status)return window.location.pathname.endsWith("/listing")?new t:void 0},t.prototype.toContext=function(){return{}},Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"trackingType",{get:function(){return"sales"},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.init=function(e){window.context=e;var t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=SALES_JS_URL,document.head.append(t)},t}(State$2),Redirect=function(e){function t(){var t=null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this;return t.type=Type.Redirect,t}return __extends(t,e),t.build=function(e,n,i){var o=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"salesSettings"),r=e.zeroClickDelay,a=e.skenzoRedirect,s=e.skenzoUrl,c=e.showInquiryForm,d=e.canZeroClick;e.cannotPark;var l="",u=0,p="";if(i.cannotLoadAds?i.wantsToServeAds?(l=window.location.origin,p="no_ads_redirect"):(null==o?void 0:o.status)&&"NOT_FOR_SALE"!==(null==o?void 0:o.status)?l="".concat(window.location.origin,"/listing"):!1!==d&&((null==n?void 0:n.redirect)?(l=n.redirect,u=r||0,p="zc_redirect"):a&&s&&(l=s,p="skenzo_redirect")):!1!==d&&(null==n?void 0:n.reason)?(null==n?void 0:n.redirect)?(l=n.redirect,u=r||0,p="zc_redirect"):a&&s&&(l=s,p="skenzo_redirect"):window.location.pathname.endsWith("/listing")?"EXTERNAL_MARKET"===(null==o?void 0:o.status)&&(null==o?void 0:o.external)?(l=o.external,p="sales"):"URL"===(null==o?void 0:o.status)&&(null==o?void 0:o.link)&&(l=o.link,p="sales"):c&&(l="".concat(window.location.origin,"/listing")),l){var h=new t;return h.url=l,h.delay=u,h.trackingType=p,h}},t.prototype.toContext=function(){return{}},t}(State$2),browserState=function(){var e,t,n,i,o,r,a=window.screen,s=a.width,c=a.height,d=window.self,l=window.top,u=window.matchMedia,p=window.opener,h=document.documentElement,f=h.clientWidth,g=h.clientHeight;try{r=(new Date).getTimezoneOffset()/60*-1}catch(e){r=null}return{popup:!(!p||p===window),timezone_offset:r,user_preference:null===(e=null===Intl||void 0===Intl?void 0:Intl.DateTimeFormat())||void 0===e?void 0:e.resolvedOptions(),user_using_darkmode:Boolean(u&&u("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches),user_supports_darkmode:Boolean(u),window_resolution:{width:null!=f?f:0,height:null!=g?g:0},screen_resolution:{width:null!=s?s:0,height:null!=c?c:0},frame:l===d?null:{innerWidth:null!==(t=null==d?void 0:d.innerWidth)&&void 0!==t?t:0,innerHeight:null!==(n=null==d?void 0:d.innerHeight)&&void 0!==n?n:0,outerWidth:null!==(i=null==d?void 0:d.outerWidth)&&void 0!==i?i:0,outerHeight:null!==(o=null==d?void 0:d.outerHeight)&&void 0!==o?o:0}}},TRACKING_URL="_tr",trackVisit=function(e,t){var n,i=e.callbacks,o=e.context,r=__assign({ad_loaded_callback:null==i?void 0:i.adLoadedCallback,app_version:version,caf_timed_out:null==i?void 0:i.cafTimedOut,channel:null===(n=null==o?void 0:o.pageOptions)||void 0===n?void 0:n.channel,fd_server_datetime:o.fd_server_datetime,fd_server:o.fd_server,flex_rule:o.flex_rule,host:o.host,ip:o.ip,js_error:o.js_error,no_ads_redirect:o.noAdsRedirect,page_headers:o.page_headers,page_loaded_callback:null==i?void 0:i.pageLoadedCallback,page_method:o.page_method,page_request:o.page_request,page_time:o.page_time,page_url:o.page_url,reportable_channel:o.reportableChannel,template_id:o.templateId,type:t,user_has_ad_blocker:o.user_has_ad_blocker,uuid:o.uuid,zeroclick:o.zeroClick},browserState());fetch("/".concat(TRACKING_URL),{method:"POST",headers:{Accept:"application/json","Content-Type":"application/json"},body:JSON.stringify({signature:encode(r)})})},State$1;!function(){if(!window.CustomEvent){function e(e,t){t=t||{bubbles:!1,cancelable:!1,detail:void 0};const n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent");return n.initCustomEvent(e,t.bubbles,t.cancelable,t.detail),n}e.prototype=window.Event.prototype,window.CustomEvent=e}}(),function(e){e[e.Pending=0]="Pending",e[e.Loaded=1]="Loaded",e[e.Failed=2]="Failed"}(State$1||(State$1={}));var Provider=function(){function e(e){var t=this;this.timeoutSeconds=5,this.handlePixelEvent=function(e){switch(t.state){case State$1.Failed:break;case State$1.Pending:setTimeout((function(){return t.handlePixelEvent(e)}),100);break;case State$1.Loaded:t.onPixelEvent(e)}},this.watch=function(){switch(t.state){case State$1.Loaded:case State$1.Failed:break;case State$1.Pending:t.isLoaded()?t.state=State$1.Loaded:t.isTimedOut()?t.state=State$1.Failed:setTimeout(t.watch,50)}},e&&e.length>0?(this.identifier=e,this.state=State$1.Pending,this.timeoutAt=new Date,this.timeoutAt.setSeconds(this.timeoutAt.getSeconds()+this.timeoutAfter()),this.injectPixel()):this.state=State$1.Failed}return e.prototype.injectPixel=function(){this.injectedAt||(this.injectedAt=new Date,this.inject(),this.watch())},e.prototype.inject=function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.text=this.script,document.head.appendChild(e)},e.prototype.isTimedOut=function(){return+new Date>=+this.timeoutAt},e.prototype.timeoutAfter=function(){return this.timeoutSeconds},e}(),Facebook=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return 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__extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return""},enumerable:!1,configurable:!0}),t.prototype.inject=function(){var e=document.createElement("script");e.src="https://assets.revcontent.com/master/rev.js",document.head.appendChild(e)},t.prototype.onPixelEvent=function(e){window.rev("event",e)},t.prototype.isLoaded=function(){return!!window.rev},t}(Provider),Taboola=function(e){function t(){return null!==e&&e.apply(this,arguments)||this}return __extends(t,e),Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,"script",{get:function(){return"window._tfa = window._tfa || [];!function (t, f, a, x) {if (!document.getElementById(x)) {t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, 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Perché le tesi forti sono rischiose
Perché le nazioni falliscono
di Daron Acemoglu

Nel solco della migliore saggistica economica di stampo americano, il testo di Acemoglu e Robinson porta avanti un’idea forte: che il primo fattore di sviluppo o regresso delle nazioni sia la loro guida politica. La bipartizione che introducono distingue tra politiche inclusive, che tendono a evitare eccessive concentrazioni della ricchezza e l’eccessivo impoverimento della porzione meno abbiente della popolazione, ed estrattive, che fanno l’esatto opposto, e che portano una nazione alla crisi.
In tema di idee forti, torna alla mente il Jared Diamond di _Armi, acciaio e malattie_ (citato tra le “teorie che non funzionano” da Acemoglu e Robinson), la cui tesi, sostenuta da prove e controprove, voleva che lo sviluppo e la crisi fossero anzitutto risultati di una condizione geografica, zoologica, vegetale, epidemiologica, climatica. In definitiva, se nell’ultimo millennio l’Occidente ha acquisito un predominio economico, ciò è dovuto anzitutto alla sua conformazione geografica, alla presenza di più specie di animali da tiro e cereali, alla diffusione ampia delle malattie e alla presenza del clima temperato.
Entrambi i saggi, letti da soli, quadrano perfettamente. Ma se tutto quanto è citato al loro interno è coerente, non tutto quanto non vi è rappresentato lo è altrettanto.
Prendiamo l’esempio dell’Italia, che in _Perché le nazioni falliscono_ è la penisola culla dell’impero romano e poco più. Il miracolo italiano e la crisi verso la quale il nostro paese è andato incontro si sono svolte sotto un medesimo sistema politico. Solo, l’accumulazione di capitali nelle mani dei “soliti pochi” avveniva negli anni ’60 come oggi, ma con una disponibilità complessiva ben diversa. Per cui si nota di più oggi.
Di più, gli stessi ricchi del Bel Paese lo erano prima e dopo il fascismo.
Altri esempi sono possibili. Lo stato di Israele, caro a Joel Mokyr, mentore di Acemoglu, non deve il proprio sviluppo economico a scelte politiche interne, e nemmeno a una condizione territoriale felice secondo i canoni di Diamond.
Ciò non significa che la tesi forte del saggio non regga; anzi. Ma non vale sempre. Non è una regola buona per tutte le stagioni e per tutti i luoghi. Così come non lo è quella del bellissimo _Armi, acciaio e malattie_. Le tesi forti hanno il privilegio di uscire alla ribalta in modo più evidente, ma non per questo acquistano maggiore validità. E il motivo è semplice.
La storia (e quella economica di conseguenza) non procede linearmente, con tendenze di fondo veramente rintracciabili. E’ caotica nel senso sistemico del termine, quindi non spiegabile con uno o due fattori. L’aveva capito meglio Pareto rispetto a questi signori. Né tantomeno è prevedibile.
In definitiva, una lettura consigliata, ma da valutare con spirito popperiano: la migliore sorte della tesi di Acemoglu e Robinson è di essere criticata, positivamente falsificata e superata da una sintesi più equilibrata. Che certo non ci arriverà dalle università della Ivy League.
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